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The unconscious mind (or the unconscious) consists of the processes in the mind that occur automatically and are not available to introspection, and include thought processes, memory, affect, and motivation. Even though these processes exist well under the surface of conscious awareness they are theorized to exert an impact on behavior. The term was coined by the 18th-century German Romantic philosopher Friedrich Schelling and later introduced into English by the poet and essayist Samuel Taylor Coleridge.〔Christopher John Murray, ''Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760-1850'' (Taylor & Francis, 2004: ISBN 1-57958-422-5), pp. 1001–02.〕 Empirical evidence suggests that unconscious phenomena include repressed feelings, automatic skills, subliminal perceptions, thoughts, habits, and automatic reactions,〔 and possibly also complexes, hidden phobias and desires. The concept was popularized by the Austrian neurologist and psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. In psychoanalytic theory, unconscious processes are understood to be expressed in dreams in a symbolical form, as well as in slips of the tongue and jokes. Thus the unconscious mind can be seen as the source of dreams and automatic thoughts (those that appear without any apparent cause), the repository of forgotten memories (that may still be accessible to consciousness at some later time), and the locus of implicit knowledge (the things that we have learned so well that we do them without thinking). It has been argued that consciousness is influenced by other parts of the mind. These include unconsciousness as a personal habit, being unaware, and intuition. Phenomena related to semi-consciousness include awakening, implicit memory, subliminal messages, trances, hypnagogia, and hypnosis. While sleep, sleepwalking, dreaming, delirium, and comas may signal the presence of unconscious processes, these processes are seen as symptoms rather than the unconscious mind itself. Some critics have doubted the existence of the unconscious.〔〔〔 ==Historical overview== The term "unconscious" ((ドイツ語:Unbewusste)) was coined by the 18th-century German Romantic philosopher Friedrich Schelling (in his ''System of Transcendental Idealism'', (ch. 6, § 3 )) and later introduced into English by the poet and essayist Samuel Taylor Coleridge (in his ''Biographia Literaria'').〔〔 Some rare earlier instances of the term "unconsciousness" (') can be found in the work of the 18th-century German physician and philosopher Ernst Platner.〔Ernst Platner, (''Philosophische Aphorismen nebst einigen Anleitungen zur philosophischen Geschichte'' ), Vol. 1 (Leipzig: Schwickertscher Verlag, 1793 ()), p. 86.〕〔Angus Nicholls and Martin Liebscher, (''Thinking the Unconscious: Nineteenth-Century German Thought'' ) (2010), Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 9.〕 Influences on thinking that originate from outside of an individual's consciousness were reflected in the ancient ideas of temptation, divine inspiration, and the predominant role of the gods in affecting motives and actions. The idea of internalised unconscious processes in the mind was also instigated in antiquity and has been explored across a wide variety of cultures. Unconscious aspects of mentality were referred to between 2500 and 600 BC in the Hindu texts known as the Vedas, found today in Ayurvedic medicine.〔Alexander, C. N. 1990. Growth of Higher Stages of Consciousness: Maharishi's Vedic Psychology of Human Development. C. N. Alexander and E.J. Langer (eds.). Higher Stages of Human Development. Perspectives on Human Growth. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press〕〔Geraldine Coster 'Yoga and Western Psychology: A comparison' 1934〕 Paracelsus is credited as the first to make mention of an unconscious aspect of cognition in his work ''Von den Krankheiten'' (translates as "About illnesses", 1567), and his clinical methodology created a cogent system that is regarded by some as the beginning of modern scientific psychology.〔Harms, Ernest., ''Origins of Modern Psychiatry'', Thomas 1967 ASIN: B000NR852U, p. 20〕 William Shakespeare explored the role of the unconscious〔The Design Within: Psychoanalytic Approaches to Shakespeare: Edited by M. D. Faber. New York: Science House. 1970 An anthology of 33 papers on Shakespearean plays by psychoanalysts and literary critics whose work has been influenced by psychoanalysis〕 in many of his plays, without naming it as such.〔Meyer-Dinkgräfe, Daniel "Hamlet's Procrastination: A Parallel to the Bhagavad-Gita, in Hamlet East West, edited by. Marta Gibinska and Jerzy Limon. Gdansk: Theatrum Gedanese Foundation, 1998e, pp. 187-195〕〔Meyer-Dinkgräfe, Daniel 'Consciousness and the Actor: A Reassessment of Western and Indian Approaches to the Actor's Emotional Involvement from the Perspective of Vedic Psychology.' Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1996a. (Series 30: Theatre, Film and Television, Vol. 67)〕 In addition, Western philosophers such as Arthur Schopenhauer,〔Ellenberger, H. (1970) ''The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry'' New York: Basic Books, p. 542〕〔Young, Christopher and Brook, Andrew (1994) (''Schopenhauer and Freud'' ) quotation: 〕 Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Søren Kierkegaard, and Friedrich Nietzsche which uses the word unconscious,〔Friedrich Nietzsche, preface to the second edition of "The Gay science" 1886〕 developed a western view of the mind. In 1880, Edmond Colsenet supports at the Sorbonne, a philosophy thesis on the unconscious.〔"Un débat sur l'inconscient avant Freud: la réception de Eduard von Hartmann chez les psychologues et philosophes français". de Serge Nicolas et Laurent Fedi, L'Harmattan, 2008, p.8〕 Elie Rabier and Alfred Fouillee perform syntheses of the unconscious "at a time when Freud was not interested in the concept".〔"Un débat sur l'inconscient avant Freud: la réception de Eduard von Hartmann chez les psychologues et philosophes français". de Serge Nicolas et Laurent Fedi, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2008, p.8〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「unconscious mind」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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